Fascism and Communism: A Deeper Look at Authoritarianism
Written on
Chapter 1: Understanding Fascism and Communism
In the discourse surrounding political ideologies, Thomas D. Simpson provides an in-depth analysis of communism before shifting focus to fascism. Although at first glance, fascism and communism appear to differ significantly, they share a crucial commonality: both are authoritarian systems that undermine personal freedoms, despite their contrasting economic frameworks.
Fascism permits private ownership of property and allows individuals to make decisions regarding production. However, the state plays a commanding role in determining what is produced and in regulating distribution. This contrasts with communism, where property is owned collectively by the state. Regardless of the differences in ownership, both systems rely on state planning agencies to manage production effectively. (p. 86)
Section 1.1: Defining Fascism
Finding a precise definition of fascism can be challenging. It often manifests as a fusion of governmental authority and business interests. Unlike communism, fascism lacks a coherent ideological foundation. The regimes established in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany perceived themselves as a unique alternative, distinct from capitalism and Marxism, despite their leaders' socialist influences. (p. 96)
Fascism today is frequently employed as a derogatory term, often equated with right-wing ideologies. However, a more nuanced understanding can be achieved through the political compass, which includes both a left/right axis and an authoritarian/libertarian axis. The left/right spectrum primarily addresses economic preferences, while the authoritarian/libertarian axis concerns the degree of control exercised over personal freedoms.
Fascism undeniably occupies an authoritarian stance. The state dictates production and distribution, often at the expense of individual liberties. Nonetheless, it allows for private property and business autonomy, positioning it to the right of center on the economic spectrum.
Subsection 1.1.1: The Complexity of Political Ideologies
The conflation of right-wing ideologies with authoritarianism overlooks the existence of right-wing libertarians who advocate for minimal state intervention in the market while upholding personal freedoms. Similarly, the authoritarian left, exemplified by figures like Stalin, emphasizes strict control over economic systems, often employing oppressive measures to maintain authority.
A study titled "Clarifying the structure and nature of left-wing authoritarianism" revealed that ideology becomes secondary to the pursuit of power. Authoritarians prioritize control over economic frameworks, regardless of whether they align with left or right principles.
Section 1.2: The Nature of Fascist Economies
Fascism, while allowing some market mechanisms, is characterized by significant state control. This system, termed corporatism, prioritizes the collective interests of the state over individual or business rights. Mussolini famously stated, "The citizen in the Fascist State with its corporate conception puts men and their possibilities into productive work and interprets for them the duties they have to fulfill." (p. 96) This illustrates the state's dominance over individual freedoms.
Like communism, fascism employs a planning agency to regulate prices, resulting in similar economic inefficiencies such as resource misallocation and unemployment. These issues were evident in public works projects, such as the construction of Germany's autobahn system, initiated to reduce unemployment. (p. 98)
Chapter 2: Nationalism and Authoritarianism
The first video explores the relationships and commonalities between fascism and communism, shedding light on their authoritarian tendencies and societal impacts.
Fascist ideology emphasizes nationalism, rallying citizens around a shared identity and often creating an "out-group" dynamic that can lead to persecution. Hitler’s regime exemplified this extreme nationalism.
What Does Religion Say?
Biblical teachings challenge the core tenets of fascism. The notion of racial superiority contradicts the biblical view that all individuals are created in God's image, bestowing equal dignity upon everyone. The elevation of the state above individual rights also conflicts with the commandment to prioritize God above all. (p. 99)
Despite allowing for private property, fascism undermines true stewardship, as owners must comply with state directives regarding the use of their assets.
Conclusion: The Common Ground of Authoritarianism
Although fascism and communism differ in their adherence to the four pillars of economic systems, both undermine individual value and freedoms. This shared authoritarian nature is why Simpson groups them together. Ultimately, both ideologies stand in contrast to biblical principles that affirm the inherent worth of every person as made in God's image.
The final economic system to consider is the Welfare State, which, while similar to market-based systems, calls for extensive state involvement in resource distribution.
Reference: Simpson, Thomas. D., 2020. "Communism and Fascism," Chapter 4 of Capitalism versus Socialism, Thomasdsimpson.
The second video delves into the moral implications of fascism and communism, comparing their historical impacts and ethical considerations.